Smoking and Drinking Causes Brain Injury

Smoking and Drinking Causes Brain Injury Addiction Alcohol Use Print How Smoking and Drinking Cause Brain Injury By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Updated on September 23, 2019 Anca Asmarandei/EyeEm/Getty Images More in Addiction Alcohol Use Binge Drinking Withdrawal and Relapse Children of Alcoholics Drunk Driving Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Chronic smoking and drinking cause both separate and interactive neurobiological and functional injuries to the brain, bad news for alcoholics because a vast majority of them are chronic smokers as well. At the June 2005 annual meeting of the Research Society on Alcoholism in Santa Barbara, California, a symposium reviewed the effects of smoking and drinking on brain neurobiology and function. In a news release about the symposium, Dieter J. Meyerhoff, professor of radiology at the University of California, San Francisco, associate researcher at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center San Francisco, and other participants discussed the findings: Recent neuroimaging studies of chronic smokers have shown brain structural and blood-flow abnormalities, said Meyerhoff, symposium organizer. Specific cognitive dysfunction among active chronic smokers has been reported for auditory-verbal learning and memory, prospective memory, working memory, executive functions, visual search speeds, psychomotor speed and cognitive flexibility, general intellectual abilities, and balance, Meyerhoff said. We also believe that the adverse effects of smoking, just like drinking, likely take many years to impact brain function significantly, and interact with age to produce a level of dysfunction that is apparent on cognitive tests. Any behavioral manifestation, including alcoholism or addiction to nicotine, is a result of genetic-environment interactions, said co-author Yousef Tizabi. Drugs, including alcohol and nicotine, may affect different individuals differently, depending on their genetic make-up. Similarly, drug-drug interactions are also influenced by genetic factors. Therefore, co-morbidity of drinking and smoking can be considered to be a final outcome of genetics, environment, and pharmacological interactions between alcohol and nicotine. Equilibrium Is out of Balance GABA is an inhibitory amino acid in the human brain and is critical in counterbalancing the biological action of the excitatory amino acid glutamate, explained Meyerhoff. In a healthy human brain, both amino acids are present in equilibrium. In disease stages such as addiction, to either alcohol or nicotine, this equilibrium is out of balance. During alcohol withdrawal, GABA concentrations may increase, but the densities of receptors are still relatively low. Benzodiazepines may strengthen the responses of (GABA)A receptors to GABA binding, thereby having a soothing effect on the user. Greater Brain Abnormalities We studied recently detoxified alcoholics in treatment using in-vivo magnetic resonance, said Meyerhoff. The specific methods we used were magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which measures the size of many different brain structures, and magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI), which measures certain naturally occurring chemicals in the brain that tell us about injury to specific brain cells. Our analyses showed that chronically smoking alcoholics have greater brain abnormalities – that is, less brain tissue measured by structural MRI, and more neuronal injury measured by MRSI – at the beginning of their treatment for alcoholism than non-smoking alcoholics. And both groups had more brain abnormalities than non-smoking light drinkers. Affects Metabolite Recovery We found significant increases of two important brain metabolite markers of cell viability in the frontal and parietal lobes of recovering alcoholics, said co-author Timothy Durazzo. For most brain regions, these increases were apparent in non-smoking recovering alcoholics, not smoking recovering alcoholics, which suggests that chronic cigarette smoking may adversely affect metabolite recovery. It is possible that continued smoking in recovering alcoholics during short-term abstinence imparts a major [and] sustained the direct source of harmful free radical species and, in combination with carbon monoxide exposure and possibly reduced brain perfusion, may hinder brain tissue recovery in smoking recovering alcoholics. Grey Matter Loss Our quantitative MRI results suggest chronic alcoholism and smoking both are associated with cortical gray matter loss, said Meyerhoff. This leads to atrophy, which in general is a risk factor for greater-than-normal global cognitive decline and memory impairment in the elderly and, if occurring in middle age, may increase the risk for earlier and more rapid cognitive decline in old age. Therefore, smoking alcoholics, particularly those who are in their late 40s or older, may place themselves at even greater risk for abnormal cognitive function with advancing age.

The Mexican Revolution Zapata, Diaz and Madero

Emiliano Zapata has the distinction of being the first of the major figures in the Mexican Revolution to take to the field. In 1910, when Francisco Madero was cheated in a national election, he fled to the United States and called for revolution. In the dry, dusty north his call was answered by opportunistic muleteer Pascual Orozco and bandit Pancho Villa, who put major armies into the field. In the south, Madero’s call was answered by Zapata, who had already been fighting wealthy landowners since 1909. The Tiger of Morelos Zapata was an important figure in Morelos. He had been elected mayor of Anenecuilco, the tiny town where he had been born. Sugarcane plantations in the area had been blatantly stealing land from the community for years, and Zapata put a stop to it. He showed the title deeds to the state governor, who waffled. Zapata took things into his own hands, rounding up armed peasants and forcefully taking back the land in question. The people of Morelos were more than ready to join him: after decades of debt peonage (a sort of thinly-veiled slavery in which wages do not keep up with debts incurred at the â€Å"company store†) on the plantations, they were hungry for blood. A desperate President Porfirio Dà ­az, figuring he could deal with Zapata later, demanded that the landowners return all of the stolen land. He hoped to placate Zapata long enough to be able to deal with Madero. The return of the land made Zapata a hero. Emboldened by his success, he began fighting for other villages who had also been victimized by Dà ­az’ cronies. Around the end of 1910 and beginning of 1911, Zapata’s fame and reputation grew. Peasants flocked to join him and he attacked plantations and small towns all over Morelos and sometimes in neighboring states. The Siege of Cuautla On May 13, 1911, he launched his largest attack, hurling 4,000 men armed with muskets and machetes against the town of Cuautla, where some 400 well-armed and trained federal forces of the elite Fifth Cavalry Unit were waiting for them. The Battle of Cuautla was a brutal affair, fought out in the streets for six days. On May 19th, the battered remnants of the Fifth Cavalry pulled out, and Zapata had a huge victory. The Battle of Cuautla made Zapata famous and announced to all of Mexico that he would be a major player in the Revolution to come. Harried on all sides, President Dà ­az was forced to resign and flee. He left Mexico at the end of May and on June 7, Francisco Madero triumphantly entered Mexico City. Zapata and Madero Although he had supported Madero against Dà ­az, Zapata was wary of Mexico’s new president. Madero had secured Zapata’s cooperation with vague promises about land reform – the only issue that Zapata truly cared about – but once he was in office he stalled. Madero was not a true revolutionary, and Zapata eventually sensed that Madero had no real interest in land reform. Disappointed, Zapata took to the field again, this time to bring down Madero, who he felt had betrayed him. In November of 1911, he wrote his famous Plan of Ayala, which declared Madero a traitor, named Pascual Orozco head of the Revolution, and outlined a plan for true land reform. Madero sent General Victoriano Huerta to control the situation but Zapata and his men, fighting on their home turf, ran circles around him, executing lightning-fast raids on villages in Mexico State just a few miles from Mexico City. Meanwhile, Madero’s enemies were multiplying. In the north, Pascual Orozco had again taken up arms, irritated that an ungrateful Madero had not given him a lucrative position as governor after Dà ­az had been ousted. Fà ©lix Dà ­az, the dictator’s nephew, also rose up in arms. In February of 1913 Huerta, who had returned to Mexico City after his failed attempt to corral Zapata, turned on Madero, ordering him arrested and shot. Huerta then set himself up as President. Zapata, who hated Huerta as much or more than he hated Madero, vowed to remove the new president. Source: McLynn, Frank. Villa and Zapata: A History of the Mexican Revolution. New York: Carroll and Graf, 2000.

A Good Parent Atticus in Lee Harpers To Kill a...

Mrs. Alexandra, from my understanding, a good parent is one who creates a safe nurturing environment for a child to grow up in, displays characteristics of a positive role model, and is an active part of a child’s life. (Atticus, look at Scout and Jem affectionately ) Good parents provide moral guidance, sets limitations, and implements consequences for a child’s behavior. (Atticus, use a ruler and slap it in your hand looking at Scout and Jem symbolizing a Spanking as punishment) Atticus is a very effective parent to Scout and Jem. I know he is constantly working; but rest assured, his children are his primary concern and he loves them very much. (Atticus, hug Scout and Jem or do something showing your love 3) Atticus finds time for his†¦show more content†¦(Atticus angry face/emotion, Scout and Jem looking guilty) He gives a lot of freedom to his children and is very patient with them. Instead of scolding Scout or Jem when they do something wrong or when the y get in trouble, he calmly explains the mistake they made and moves on. (Hand motions from Atticus or something to show he is explaining an idea to Scout and Jem. Scout and Jem need to nod and look like you understand what Atticus is saying and are learning something) He taught Scout to think about things from a perspective other than her own. He said, â€Å"don’t judge someone until you’ve walked in their shoes.† (The person putting on the shoe, please put it on now [As mentioned in the props]) Atticus explains good manners and etiquette to his children such as the time when Walter Cunningham received ill-mannered criticism from Scout after he came over for dinner and poured syrup all over his meal. (Whoever is pouring syrup container, please do it now,[ as mentioned in props]) When Scout or Jem needs comforting, Atticus is always there for them. (Atticus, hug Scout and Jem) Atticus is open to all opinions and will accept each individual for their own beliefs regardless of whether or not they differ from his own. (Symbol of love and equal sign) Atticus is an influentialShow MoreRelatedEssay On Racism In To Kill A Mockingbird1212 Words   |  5 Pageschildhood can really affect the way they see the world. Harper Lee’s novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, is highly influenced by the life she lived as a little girl. She grew up in the small town of Monroeville, Alabama. She was born there in 1926 and recently passed away in February of 2016 (Lee). Harper Lee’s real name was Nelle (Nail), but everyone calls her Harper because she opted for Nelle to be left off of her first novel. Her parents named her after her grandmother, Ellen, but spelled backwards (ShieldsRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1398 Words   |  6 PagesIn To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, the main character Scout Finch lives with her brother, Jem, and their father, Atticus Finch, who is a lawyer in the southern Alabama town of Maycomb. They also have a b lack maid Calpurnia which allows the children to see that black people aren’t so different and thus they do not have the racial bias unlike most of the people in their town. The setting is also very important to note that around the Great Depression southern America was still heavily racist.

End of Life Care Free Essays

Nurses’ Perceptions of End-of-Life Care After Multiple Interventions for Improvement Lissi Hansen, Teresa T. Goodell, Josi DeHaven and MaryDenise Smith Am J Crit Care. 2009;18: 263-271 doi: 10. We will write a custom essay sample on End of Life Care or any similar topic only for you Order Now 4037/ajcc2009727  © 2009 American Association of Critical-Care Nurses Published online http://www. ajcconline. org Personal use only. For copyright permission information: http://ajcc. aacnjournals. org/cgi/external_ref? link_type=PERMISSIONDIRECT Subscription information http://ajcc. aacnjournals. org/subscriptions Information for authors http://ajcc. acnjournals. org/misc/ifora. shtml Submit a manuscript http://www. editorialmanager. com/ajcc Email alerts http://ajcc. aacnjournals. org/subscriptions/etoc. shtml AJCC, the American Journal of Critical Care, is the official peer-reviewed research journal of the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses (AACN), published bimonthly by The InnoVision Group, 101 Columbia, Aliso Viejo, CA 92656. Telephone: (800) 899-1712, (949) 362-2050, ext. 532. Fax: (949) 362-2049. Copyright  © 2009 by AACN. All rights reserved. Downloaded from ajcc. aacnjournals. org by on February 11, 2010 Nursing Education in Critical Care PERCEPTIONS OF END-OF-LIFE CARE AFTER MULTIPLE INTERVENTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT By Lissi Hansen, RN, PhD, Teresa T. Goodell, RN, PhD, CNS, CCRN, ACNS-BC, Josi DeHaven, RN, MPH, CCRN, and MaryDenise Smith, RN, CNS, ACHPN Background Nurses working in intensive care units may lack knowledge and skills in end-of-life care, find caring for dying patients and the patients’ families stressful, and lack support to provide this care. Objectives To describe nurses’ perceptions of (1) knowledge and ability, (2) work environment, (3) support for staff, (4) support for patients and patients’ families, and (5) stress related to specific work situations in the context of end-of-life care before (phase 1) and after (phase 2) implementation of approaches to improve end-of-life care. The approaches were a nurse-developed bereavement program for patients’ families, use of a palliative medicine and comfort care team, preprinted orders for the withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment, hiring of a mental health clinical nurse specialist, and staff education in end-of-life care. Methods Nurses in 4 intensive care units at a university medical center reported their perceptions of end-of-life care by using a 5-subscale tool consisting of 30 items scored on a 4-point Likert scale. The tool was completed by 91 nurses in phase 1 and 127 in phase 2. Results Improvements in overall mean scores on the 5 subscales indicated that the approaches succeeded in improving nurses’ perceptions. In phase 2, most of the subscale overall mean scores were higher than a desired criterion ( How to cite End of Life Care, Essays

Sales representative training

Most companies across the globe spend a lot of money on employee development. This shows the importance companies place on sales training. However, not every sales training is effective. New sales representative training should enhance achievement of certain objectives.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sales representative training specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It should focus on improving company knowledge. It should allocate ample time and the appropriate amount of information, to improve new sales representatives, knowledge of the company (Rosen, 2008). This should include the company history, mission, core values, vision, policies and procedures. Another objective is to clarify responsibilities and expectations. Sales training should leave the new sales representatives with a clear understanding of their daily duties. It should also aim at improving product knowledge. One of the key objectives of sales trai ning is to make a salesperson understand the products or services that he or she will sell in the market. Sales training should also enhance sales skills (Magee, 2002). New sales representatives should know how to tackle different customers and they should understand the techniques of persuading them to buy a product or a service. Sales training should also lift the morale of the new sales representatives. The new sales representatives are supposed to acquire a lot of knowledge after the completion of the training. They are supposed to acquire product and service knowledge. During sales training, the sales representatives should be informed about the products and services they will be selling to customers. They should also learn about the background of the company, mission, core values and the company policies (McClain, 2006). They will also understanding their daily activities and duties. They also learn how to sell products and services, and how to deal with clients. Upon completi on of the training, they should be fully confident in their ability to handle different types of customers. They should also be able to create a solid business relationship with clients, as well as convincing and persuading them to purchase the product (Rosen, 2008). The new sales representatives should be informed about quality performance expected from him or her in the selling process. They should understand the importance of quality performance towards dealing with respective clients. Mr. Munoz should understand that the new sale representatives are supposed to be equipped with the selling skills. Sales representative should be taught on how to enhance sales skills in order to become good salespersons. Since these are new sales representative, they should be taught the art of selling.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They should also be equipped with customer relationship skills and communication skills (Magee, 2002). The work of a sales representative is to sell the company’s products and services to customers. The sales representatives should also have interests and passion of selling. Sales need a passionate person as it deals with persuading customers and prospective customers to buy a product or a service. The best way to carry out the new sales representative training is to put him or her together with the customer service team. This is because the customer service employees are aware of the company’s products. The company should allow the new staff to listen to customer service calls and service calls, and allow him or her to go through the documentation about the products and services offered by the company. This documentation may include brochures, manuals, user guides, and websites. After the new staff becomes informed about the products and services offered by the company, pair them up with a salesperson that has been in the company for a long time. Allowing the new employee to listen to a customer phone call will help him or her understand the sales process (McClain, 2006). Finally, give the new employee permission to make calls and appointments under the supervision of a senior experienced salesperson. Reference List Magee, J. (2002). Sales training hand book. New York: Prentice Hall. McClain, R. (2006). Sales training solutions. Chicago: Kaplan Publishing. Rosen, K. (2008). Coaching sales people into sales champions. New York: Wiley This essay on Sales representative training was written and submitted by user Krish Dorsey to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Essay about Assignment 2

Essay about Assignment 2 Essay about Assignment 2 Ethical and Social Responsibility of Ruby Tuesday Tahana Barcuch Professor Marsha Porter Bus100064VA016-1144-001 (Intro to Business) Strayer University June 15, 2014 Abstract Ruby Tuesday is a socially responsible company that has a well worded code of business conduct in place that is easy to understand and sets clear expectations for these codes. They expect all of their employees to abide by the code of business conduct that they have set forth and clearly state that there will be consequences for not following these policies. Ruby Tuesday is taking steps to lessen their environmental footprint and to be more socially responsible. Ruby Tuesday has a good strategy in place but as with any company there are always options for improvements that will insure they become better stewards to the environment and more socially responsible. Ethical and Social Responsibility of Ruby Tuesday Ruby Tuesday has a very well formatted code of business conduct in place. All businesses should have a code of business conduct in place to ensure that all employees of that company are aware of the companies expectation and do not act in an unethical fashion. Employees should remember at all times that their actions reflect not only on their personal conduct but on that of their employer. After reviewing the code of business conduct for Ruby Tuesday it is very straight forward with its expectations and easy to understand. There are many key areas mentioned in Ruby Tuesday’s code of business conduct. They start off with preventing harassment and discrimination. No person whether it is an employee, vendor, or customer should ever be discriminated against because of race, color, religion, gender, age, sexual orientation, national orientation, disabilities, marital status, political beliefs, or whether or not they have children. Ruby Tuesday then focuses on insider trading and improper payments. There should be no preferential treatment towards any customer or vendor just because they could give you something for free or provide money under the table. Everyone should have an equal opportunity on being awarded a contract to provide a serviced to Ruby Tuesday as long as they can provide the service they are contracting to provide in an efficient, timely, and cost effective manner. Customers should be provided and equal opportunity to participate in special offers and not be seated or provided b etter service just because they can tip better or appear that they can provide some additional monetary boost to the employee or because they are a certain religion, color, age, gender, or disabled. Ruby Tuesday also has stipulations in their business code of conduct pertaining to conflicts of interest such as loans, business courtesies, outside investments, proper use of assets, corporate opportunities, fair dealings, accounting and financial integrity, and confidentiality. When an employee is offered a business courtesy such as a gift or favor that could look like they were taking a bribe to ensure that the person providing the gift or favor is provided preferential treatment or services. Regardless of how the employee sees the gift it could be misconstrued by observers who could be offended or think that the person providing the gift or favor is being provided an unfair advantage. The same could be said for loans that employees have from third parties or outside investments. An observer could think that that employee was approved for a loan or offered a better deal on an outside investment because they are providing special services to the loan or investment provider abov e and beyond what is provided to other customers just to insure that they receive the loan or a better deal on the outside investment. Employees of Ruby Tuesday are also expected to deal fairly with all customers, suppliers, and competitors as well as use all of Ruby Tuesday’s assets in an appropriate manner. Employees should only use assets for company related

Memorable Quotes From Lord of the Flies

Memorable Quotes From 'Lord of the Flies' The Lord of the Flies, by William Golding, was first published in 1954 and became instantly controversial. The twisted coming-of-age story tells the tale of a group of schoolboys stranded on a desert island after a plane crash. Its by far Goldings best-known work. As the boys struggle to survive, they devolve into violence. This book is a commentary on human nature that shows mankinds darkest undertones. The novel is now sometimes considered something of a companion piece to J.D. Salingers coming-of-age story The Catcher in the Rye. The two works can be viewed as flip sides of the same coin. Both books have themes of isolation, with peer pressure and loss featuring heavily in their plots. The Lord of the Flies is one of the most-read and most popular books for high school and college students studying youth culture and its influences. Piggys Role Concerned with order and doing things in a civilized way, Piggy is doomed early on in the story. He tries to help keep order and grows distressed when the boys cant even manage the basic task of building a fire.   Chapter 1 They used to call me Piggy! Before this statement, Piggy tells Ralph  I dont care what they call me...so long as they dont call me what they used to call me in school. The reader might not realize it yet, but this does not bode well for poor Piggy. His weakness has been identified and when Jack breaks his glasses soon after, readers have  already started to suspect that Piggys life is in danger. Ralph and Jack Battle for Control Chapter 2 Weve got to have rules and obey them. After all, were not savages. Were English, and the English are best at everything. This is a central point of The Lord of the Flies, and is Goldings strongest commentary about both the necessity and the futility of trying to impose a structure on a world inhabited by people with base instincts. Jack, who later becomes the leader of the savage group of boys, cant conceive of a world without British dominance.   Chapter 4 He began to dance and his laughter became a bloodthirsty snarling. This description of Jack in chapter 4 shows the beginning of the tendency toward savagery. Its a truly disturbing scene and sets the stage for the brutality thats coming next.   Chapter 5 All this I meant to say. Now Ive said it. You voted me for chief. Now you do what I say. Ralph still has some semblance of control as the groups leader at this point, with the rules still somewhat intact. But the foreboding here is clear, and its obvious to the reader that the fabric of their little society is about to tear.   And you shut up! Who are you, anyway? Sitting there telling people what to do. You cant hunt, you cant sing... Im chief. I was chosen. Why should choosing make any difference? Just giving orders that dont make any sense... This exchange between Ralph and Jack shows the larger dilemma of earned power and authority versus power that is bestowed. It can be read as a debate between the nature of a monarchy versus elected rulers.   The Beast Within? Chapter 5 Maybe there is a beast...maybe its only us. As the doomed Simon and Piggy try to make sense of whats really happening on the island, Golding gives us yet another larger moral theme to consider. With the world in The Lord of the Flies at war, and Goldings status as a war veteran, this statement seems to question whether humans are their own worst enemy. The authors answer is an emphatic yes.